Immune System and Stress Related Illness Essay Example for Free

Immune System and Stress Related Illness Essay enlist and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and Stress-related illness. (12marks) It is suggested that focusing can result in immunosuppression which can lead to stress-related illnesses such as coronary Heart Disease and high blood pressure. Kiecolt and Glaser conducted an try out to see the effects of stress on the immune system. This was achieved by taking blood samples of 75 checkup students one month before and during their examination period. They then compared the two blood samples and found fall leucocyte body process in the sample taken during high levels of stress (during their exams). This shows that stress reduces the activity of the immune system, making them more susceptible to becoming ill. Advantages of the study are that blood tests are objective measurements, so there was no social desirability or experimenter bias when analysing the results. The participants were also compared to themselves which removes participant variables on how they perceive stressors. The experiment was a field experiment so there was no manipulating of the independant variable to deliberately cause stress to the participants which makes it ethical. It also means the research has ecological validity and can be utilize to the wider world.However, a field experiment may have extraneous variables which impact the results. For example, the student lifestyle of having little sleep and poor accomidation may have been an alternative source of stress. Another loss is that there was a biased sample used of students. It may not be possible to generalise students response to stress compared to the general population. Riley also did a study using rats on a rotating turntable for five hours. He found that over time, their white blood cell activity dramatically decreased and when injected with carcinogens they developed tumours more rapidly than a control group of rats. This showed that stress can make us reduce our immune systems activity which can cause diseases to worsen or progress more rapidly. However, as the research was conducted on rats it can be argued that it cant be applied to humans as out stress response may differ.

Theoretical Positions of Jung Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Positions of Jung EssayWhile science tameed diligently to mensurate and validate early structuralist perspectives in psychology, early functionalists were hard at work developing theories that were more qualitative in nature. Although non directly associated with the functionalism movement, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James were distinctly most concerned with how psychology could improve the lives of the individual and less inclined to laboratory research. Through each psychologists theory, the primal tone is how one dissolve identify and develop treatment for the vast array of psychological obstacles an individual may encounter. Addition each(prenominal)y, each places significant emphasis on the human reason as the foundation of all(prenominal) behaviors. Variations in theory focus on the inception of human behaviors and how best to analyze and treat those early behavior motivators. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, the father of Psychoanal ysis, was a phenomenal man. Freud was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist, and one of the best influential thinkers of the early twentieth century. In this theory of psychoanalysis, Freud believed that the best way to grab the human soul was through a intimate perspective.The main tenet of his theory was that the human mind consisted of three basic components the Id, the ego, and the superego. Individually, Freud believed that when these components conflict, shaping psycheality, only therapeutic treatment would go on neurosis (Putnam, 1917). Carl Jung Carl Jung is a famous Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology. His interests in philosophy led many to see him as a spiritualistic however, Carl Jung preferred to be viewed as a man of science.He is celebrated for his consideration and developments in individualism, which joined the opposites of conscious and unconscious while maintaining normal public presentation autonomy. Furthermore, individuatio n is the main and central development of analytical psychology. Jung is kn protest today as the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as religious by nature, making it the focal point of his exploration. Carl Jung is also one of the best known researchers to practice in the fields of dream analysis and symbolization.He spent a great deal of his life as a practicing clinician, and explored divergent areas like Eastern and Western philosophy, sociology, astrology, alchemy, literature, and arts. Additionally, many popular psychological concepts were judge by Carl Jung, these concepts include the collective unconscious, the archetype, the complex, and synchronicity. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler is best known as the founder of Individual Psychology and for his concept of the inferiority complex. As Adlers interest in examining personality arose, he turned his focus to psychiatry and began working with Sigmund Freud.Adlers work with Freud led him to contribute greatly to the de velopment of psychoanalysis. Still, rooting his focus on the real life experience of individuals, Adler eventually came to reject Freuds accentuation on sex, breaking away from Freud to form his own theory. Through this theory, known as Individual Psychology, Adler put forth the idea that personality difficulties are the result of inferiority feelings that derive from restrictions on an individuals needs for self-assertion (Fisher, 2001). Adler held the precept that each individual acquires an ideal self-image that serves as the motivator behind his or her behavior.His studies led Adler to discover what he came to call the inferiority complex, which is the nonion that a persons feelings of inadequacy are what drive a person to try to overcome what he or she believes is a lack of worth by breed for superiority (Fisher, 2001). According to Adler, this initial state of inadequacy people obtain is the result of factors, such as neglect in their childhood, that significantly influence and spring how a child perceives him or herself as well as the choices he or she makes.Therefore, only through assisting people in identifying the factors that led them to the distorted view of themselves can change, healing, growth, and the development of a new, healthy self-image occur. Playing a major role in child development, among numerous other areas, Adlers beliefs and theories became widely trustworthy within the world of psychology therefore significantly influencing modern day psychology. William JamesWilliam James was an American philosopher whose work in psychology in the 19th century recognized science as a crucial element in the improvement of social and philosophical doctrines (Allen, 1967). His blend of psychology and philosophy nice his concept of pragmatism. This pragmatic approach grasped the meaning of the ideas and truth of his beliefs in an approach that influenced the lives of individuals as opposed to the abstract sense of ideas (Hothersall, 1995).His r esearch also outlined the discretion of consciousness and the self, a proactive position and perception of truth, and a number of other beneficial studies of social concerns helped create an outstanding philosophical system (Hothersall, 1995). He referred to consciousness as a stream of thoughts instead of a static or reducible mechanism and felt prickled with the notion of any approach to consciousness in which the mind was reduced into its smaller elements. James believed consciousness to be continuingly changing and a selective and active agent in and of its self.He could not consider conscious to be outside the realm of self consciousness. Nonetheless, he also believed the functionalist understanding of consciousness as an active agent of noetic litigate was more consistent with reality than what he called the meaningless, artificial exercise of identifying the elements of consciousness, which conforms more to the structuralize perspective (Goodwin, 2008). Comparison and Cont rast of Theories Freud sought to explain human personality and the underlying issues in a persons life.He theorized that the human mind consisted of three major components (Goodwin, 2008). Despite Alders theory that all of ones activities essence on a basic life plan, Freud and Alfred Adler both agreed that personal characteristic begin in childhood. Jung based his theory on individuality, He theorized that individuation was a necessary process leading to individuality by integration of the conscious with the unconscious (Putnam, 1917). William James had a distinctive religious perspective.James viewed organized morality entirely different from Freud, Adler, and Jung. James believed that everyone should have a religious experience. Freud believed that each person interprets religion differently Adler believed that people used their religious views to understand the world, and Jung believed that not all people understood religion. Differences among their Perspectives There were dis agreements with Freuds theory of the conscious and unconscious as well his theory of sexual pauperism. The main disagreement in perspectives was between Freud and James.Freud believed that behaviors are controlled by the unconscious mind described as dreams and free association. While James believed that self-reflection and introspection was the only way to understand mental life (Goodwin, 2008). Jung and Adler disagreed with Freuds theory of sexual motivation and psychosexual development. They thought he placed too oft emphasis on sexual motivation which made it seem like the fundaments of human behavior relied solely on one motivation. Adler believed that his own notion of the inferiority complex should replace Freuds beliefs of sexual motivation.Freud focused on internal forces including conflicts, biological disposition, and sexual motivation (Goodwin, 2008). The focus in Adlers theory was on social factors. Conclusion Freud, Jung, Adler, and James all shared a deep desire to help improve peoples lives through a psychological medium. Each explained psychology using their own theories, and they often differed on the basis of human functioning and its causes. Freud analyzed the world through his idea of psychosexual development, and thought that sexual motivations are the origin of all human behaviors.William James believed that consciousness was a more fluid and distinct entity, which could not be broken up into parts. Adler and Jung thought Freud put too much emphasis on sex as motivation Adler believed inferiority complexes govern human behavior, while Jung put much more emphasis on religion and its influences. These philosophers and psychologists of the 19th century influenced peoples outlook on the world, even to this day. Each of their theories have influenced and furthered our current understanding of the human psyche and how to treat versatile psychological disorders.References Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hobo ken, NJ Wiley. Fisher, M (2001, May). Alfred Adler. Retrieved January 26, 2012 from http// www. muskingum. edu/psych/psycweb/history/adler. htm Allen, Gay Wilson. (1967). William James A Biography. New York Viking Press. Hothersall, D. (1995). History of Psychology (3rd ed. ). NY Mcgraw-Hill Putnam,J. (1917). The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler I. The work of Sigmund Freud. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 12(3), 146-160

Bjs Restaurant Brewery Group Project Marketing Essay

Bjs Restaurant Brewery Group Project Marketing EssayIntroductionFor 32 days BJs Restaurants and Brewhouses nurse billow from bingle small Chicago style pizzeria to over ninety-two chain food swear out establishments. Over these twelvemonths, Paul Motenko and Jerry Hennessy, the partnerships duel owners, necessitate expanded the companionships concept from a small family owned restaurant to a full service occasional dine restaurant. Today BJs Restaurant and Brewhouse has more(prenominal) that 100 posting items including appetizers, specialty salads, soups, pastas, sandwiches, entrees and desserts. (www.bjsbrewhouse.com)Over ten forms ago, in 1996, BJs enclosed their hand crafted homebrewed beers into the mix adding a unique and lucrative spin on the concept while progress distinguishing themselves from brand- radical(prenominal) competitive restaurants in their segment commercialise. BJs restaurant further went on to fully engulf themselves in this impudent concept b y changing their heel from BJs Restaurant to BJs Brewhouse and BJs Restaurant and Brewery. Since then BJs has been recognized by some(prenominal) different brewing associations and competitions by earning medals and high remarks. To fully submerge themselves in this new beer market BJs has opened several microbreweries, which help produce and distri hardlye BJs hand crafted beers through out their restaurants.Throughout the years that BJs has been in business they go through g angiotensin-converting enzyme through and successfully accomplished many of their strategic focalizations. They have over taken several objectives including transitioning BJs Restaurant concept to a premium casual or or sotimes called casual plus sit down dining experience. Also, BJs general net revenues tend to increase about twenty to forty percent each year which is a bang-up entity for their current sh be and stockholders and get out help new investors choose BJs over other players in their business segment.Because of a result of the failing economy, new-made mass foreclosures and rising interest rates and gasoline prices another one of BJs Restaurants strategic committals has somewhat skewed their goals to be more of a higher quality, more approachable casual dining restaurant. They believe that the main stream customers are now more likely to cut back on their participation in more of the mediocre mass market casual dining and change their dining behaviors to more of a higher quality concept that will pop the question a amend overall dining experience and also better value for their silver.Today BJs Restaurant and Brew house current strategic direction is to have a passionate desire to provide extraordinary value for their guests in a high-energy, fun, child- golden environment, along with a sincere commitment to support the communities in which they do business goes to the heart of what differentiates BJs from other restaurants. They are committed to ethical business p ractices and strong corporate governance standards. The Board of Directors and management believe labored corporate governance principles are important to ensure that the Company is managed for the long term benefit of its unwrap stakeholders investors, guests and employees. (www.bjsbrewhouse.com) on with BJs current strategic direction the conjunction strives to differentiate themselves by being a huge cash donor to many different philanthropic organizations and charities. For example BJs Cookies 4 Kids program has raised jillions for the cystic Fibrosis Foundation by donating a portion of all Pizookies, a fresh baked cookie of choice served with two scoops of cold ice cream, to this gravid cause. This year round fundraising event strives to help BJs by showing their customers and investors how much they care for their community and by creating a strong competitive advantage over other similar markets.BJs Environmental AnalysisRestaurant manufacturing Analysis Figure 1-1 The food dollar Source National Restauramt Association Inc.The restaurant industry is a competitive one, any year thousand of restaurants open and close. But lifestyle changes, demographics, and trends continue to fuel its steady growth. More and more people have little time, resources, and efficacy to cook for themselves. The average Ameri tin spends 15% of his/her income on meals away from home. People are eating out more because of convenience, making the industry thresh rocket. According to the National Restaurant Association the industrys gross revenue are standed to reach $580 cardinal in 2010 over 2009 sale (Figure 1.2).Even though the industry has been hit hard these past two years, Dawn Sweeney, President and chief executive officer of the National Restaurant Association, supports the industry by stating, With a total economic jounce of more than $1.5 trillion, the restaurant industry is a strong player in the economic recovery. Restaurants are the cornerstone of commu nities across this nation and we are a key player in propelling job retention and creation across the United States. Despite the losses the industry has outperformed the national economy, expecting job growth in 2010.The restaurant-and-foodservice industry unflustered remains one of the nations largest employers. Today almost one in 10 working Ameri force outs work in restaurants, employing nearly 13 million people and expected to grow further by 2020. There are still challenges that the industry continues to face such as prox economic recessions, competition, maintaining sales volume, recruiting and retaining employees, and labor costs. Therefore restaurants will continue to keep their eye on new consumer and circuit board trends to stay in competition since socioeconomic trends and demographic changes have a vast impact.Figure 1.2 Restaurant industrys salesBJs Broad Environment AnalysisSociocultural influences on BJs restaurant have grown as the restaurant industry compete an d become sensitive to consumers wants. Society expects money making business to give something back to it. Besides monitory contributions BJs has created a foundation that helps out the community where they do business in. As stated in their BJs foundation pageboy, The BJs Restaurants Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to support charities benefiting childrens healthcare and education, with primary concentrate on the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. In addition, their Foundation recognizes and rewards the volunteer efforts of BJs Restaurants team members across the country as they help to give back to the communities in which our restaurants do business. In 2009 BJs received the Restaurant Neighbor award given by the National restaurant Association because of BJs continuous contributions to the communities some examples are BJs TASC Force program has helped to assemble the wishes of special needs kids, redactd flags in a national cemetery by the graves of fallen soldie rs, painted over unsightly graffiti and helped undress up beaches, parks and school grounds. In addition, have hosted blood drives, worked with Special Olympics, painted houses for elderly citizens, supported Habitat for Humanity and re-built playgrounds. Their teams have also worked at food banks, participated in fundraising runs and walkathons and delivered food to families in need on Christmas morning. All this is possible by the TASC team members who work and donate their personal time for such causes. They claim to do it because it is the right thing to do and inevitably come away as better individuals and more responsible citizens. Many other charities are benefitted through the work of BJs TASC team.BJs keeps thinking of new ways to raise money and society awareness BJs also makes charitable contribution from new restaurant arising to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Fundraising events are also supported by BJs restaurants. One of BJs major fundraising events directly benefi ting the Foundation is a yearly charity golf tournament. BJs Foundation page states that All proceeds from the tournament go to the foundation which then disperses funds throughout the year to designated charities defined by their mission statement.This years tournament will take indue on Monday, June7, 2010at Dove Canyon Country Club in Orange County. Other programs such as the Cookie 4 Kids have raised millions. The program donates portion of all Pizookie dessert sales to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. BJs Signature Pizookie is a fresh baked cookie topped with two scoops of vanilla bean ice cream and served hot, and cold, a favorite for thousands of BJs guests making it a wonderful fundraising campaign for their charity. It is a goal for BJs to continue to be a salutary corporate citizen to satisfy society needs. Through any way possible, as you tolerate see, BJs focuses amplely in contributing to its community. And since customers whitethorn view BJs as an selfless corpora tion this could be a value added to the name of the company. It may also be a competitive advantage against competitors whose major focus is making money for themselves and its investors.Besides the sociocultural influences, BJs has adjusted to the technological innovations that are becoming more and more popular in the industry. The Idea of Online separateing is a new one and BJs is not staying behind. They are currently doing online ordering which is easy and convenient. You find the location nearest you by typing in your zip code, click on the online order link and place your order, and finishing but not least pick it up inside or curbside, delivered right to your car.Technology for BJs doesnt stop in that respect one of the challenges for restaurants is training employees so one of the first things a new server at a BJs Restaurant Brewery does is put on a headset and spend a few minutes in front of a POS monitor, working through an interactive video training module. Then the trainer reviews and demonstrates the tasks and works with new read in a live session. This combination of high-tech and high-touch training has helped BJs Restaurants Inc. control turnover among its 4,000 employees and reinforces its ranks in anticipation of growth. BJs has also adopted technology through its dcor. Flat panel televisions are displayed throughout their restaurants, making it a fun and entertaining environment for the customers.Even though the economic downturn did not have a big impact on BJs restaurant, they have come up with new ways of maintaining and attracting its customers. On March 2, 2010 the companywide updated its computer menu offerings. It includes the introduction of a new BJs Snacks and Small Bites menu category, along with five new lunch specials. These menu creations are big in flavor and small on price, yet still delivering the good value BJs guest expect. This was done to give guest the opportunity to try something new at a good value. BJs new Sn acks and Small Bites ranges from $2.95 $3.95 that can be eaten as an appetizer or added to your entre. Through such promotion BJs tries to reach customers who are afraid of spending too much money. Yet some of the threats BJs may face may be changes in consumer spending trends for casual dining occasions. For example trends change to quick service or fine dining. If that was the causal agent restaurants like BJs would suffer a big loss, but since there is big industry for casual diners it is very unlikely for that to happen.Examination of divulge External StakeholdersKey external stakeholders include supplier and customers, maintaining a good relationship with its suppliers is crucial for BJs Success. An annual award is presented by BJs to its biggest quality product contributors. Supplier partner awards for the year 2009 are Jacmar Foodservice Distribution, Nestle USA, Fresh Point Inc. and RR Advertising. The award is give to the most significant contributors for the quality, di fferentiation and value that BJs restaurant concept requires to give the consumer. Some of the threats BJs may face as stated in their forward looking statement is, the variable commodity costs and availability of food in general and certain sensible materials related to the brewing of their handcrafted beers and energy. Nevertheless such threats are present for most restaurants in general.Customers are also a very important external stakeholder whose feedback is appreciated. Attracting customers is a goal for all businesses but for BJs as their BJs Gold Standard of Operational Excellence states it is, their genuine commitment is to take pride in passionately connecting with each guest, on every visit, through flawless and relentless execution of every detail during every shift to create and keep fanatical fans of BJs concept and brand. The company does not only want to attract customers but keep them so they become fans of dining experience at BJs. Given that customers and sales are powerfully correlated, the objective of the industry is to maintain both. The loss of consumers means a loss in sales as well therefore customers are affected and can affect BJs success.Organizational Resource AnalysisBJs has always had a desire to provide extraordinary value for their guests. They strive on providing excellent food with great customer service. They not only strive to live up to the expectations of their guests but they work hard to provide a high energy, fun loving, child friendly environment.They also try and support their communities with full commitment so everyone involved understands that BJs is different from other restaurants and is concerned for their stakeholders. As BJs exposition states that to be the very definition of WOW for the casual dining experience but BJs also strives to WOW not only with their dining experience but also with their customer service and quality of food.Their promise is to be the best and never to compromise They take immens e pride in what they do. They take pride in passionately connecting with every guest so they understand what the customer actually wants so they can provide them with the utmost care and attention.We are excited to introduce additional menu creations that are big on flavor and small on price, and that deliver the high quality and good value that our guests have come to expect from BJs, give tongue to Matt Hood, BJs Chief Marketing Officer. By expanding our popular lunch specials, we are giving our guests the opportunity to try something new at a good value. Our new Snacks and Small Bites menu category offers outstanding value and portion sizes that are perfect as individual appetizers or as additions to a favorite entree. (www.bjsbrewhouse.com)BJs monetary situation has also been improving. According to BJs official website, Total revenues for the fourth withdraw of fiscal 2009 increased approximately 13.5% to $112.6 million compared to $99.3 million for the same quarter last yea r. Comparable restaurant sales such as The Cheesecake factory decreased by 0.2% during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2009 compared to a decrease of 0.7% during the same quarter last year. Net income and diluted net income per share for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2009 were $1.7 million and $0.06, respectively.Jerry Deitchle is the Chairman and CEO of BJs brew house. He is a CEO who is very concerned and involved with his company. His leadership and management style has led to BJs financial slaying which has been very successful.With the nature of todays economy and its continuing pressure on consumer spending for restaurant occasions BJs reported profits for the financial year of 2009 and this is largely because of Jerry Deitchles performance as CEO. BJs popularity is a solid testament to how strong their performance has been over the years. Casual dining customers are preferring BJs style over competitors such as the Cheesecake factory and Chillis.Another reason for BJs success is the ease of approachability and the ability to consistently and correctly execute the routine within the four walls of the restaurant. That includes front of the house, back of the house, chefs, servers, cooks, bus boys, managers, etc.This is a statement the CEO made at a recent press conference where he talks about the impact of the economy on consumer spending for 2010. While we do not expect consumer spending for restaurant occasions to significantly recover during 2010, we remain confident in BJs ability to gain market share in the estimated $80 billion casual dining segment, said Deitchle.Our 2010 new restaurant development pipeline is in excellent shape as of today, and we are already working on potential locations for 2011 openings. Additionally, we will continue to make prudent investments in the core of the BJs concept to further strengthen its competitive advantages of quality, differentiation and value for the casual dining consumer.(www.bjsbrewhouse.com)The company has been advancing since it has started. BJs has excelled in customer service and in quality of food. BJs strengths has been its phenomenal attention to customers needs while at the same time providing them with great tasting food and a huge variety of self brewed beers. The variety of beers has definitely been BJs great strength over the years as competitors such as The Cheesecake Factory only have company brews. They also have great happy hour deals which other restaurants do not.BJs helplessness is hard to define as they dont have many. They have been very successful as they have grasped on to the essential elements of great food along with great customer service. The only weakness they probably have is that there menu is not as extensive as compared to the cheesecake factory. They have a very good continental cuisine but they lack variety of ethnic foods. But they are working on that. It is also hard to spot a weakness for this institution as they have doubled profits and plan on i nvesting more into the company.Future Strategic DirectionThe future strategic plan of BJs Restaurant Group is to expand globally, and ultimately sell their beers to public from grocery, liquor, or beverage Distribution Companys instead of only offering them in restaurant.Internal Analysis BJs has the resources to produce beer that so many people enjoy while dining at BJs Restaurants Brewhouse. Diversifying their business to provide a line of beer sold in stores is a great opportunity for the company. The company already operates several microbreweries, which produce and distribute BJs hard crafted beers within the chain, so promoting it to other distributors and stores would be the next step for them to branch out. Some of their first place award winning beers include, BJs Brewhouse Blonde , A light and refreshing pale beer in the style of a German Kolsch. Slightly malty with delicate hopping to balance. Bottom-fermented and well-conditioned for exceptional smoothness. and ingather ing Hefeweizen, Not just another wheat beer it is fermented with authentic Bavarian weizen yeast to produce its unique flavor profile fruity, spicy, and refreshing. These beers would make great candidates for distribution, resulting in great revenue for the company and job enlargement for current and future employees. Since it would be a big expense for other restaurants to make and sell their own beer if they dont already do it gives BJs a sustainable competitive advantage. Competition would most likely arise from current beer companies whose brands have been sold in stores for year and are wide known by consumers.External AnalysisDistributing BJs beer and Expanding BJs globally would also greatly increase sales and brand recognition. Some of the benefits in choosing to expand globally can be the extra resources available for the companys operation, cheaper labor, and the economies of scale access to more customers and markets. However it may also tempt BJs to import beer to the United States instead of making it there since resources and labor would be a lot cheaper in other countries. Exploiting other countries resources might be viewed as unethical by consumers and investors, leading to decrease in consumer loyalty. BJs needs to be careful in not taking away the quality it currently provides to its own country by commoditizing their brand.Besides the threats of expanding an advantage BJs has is the new trend for microbrewery beer. Microbreweries are limited to small batches of hand-crafted beer resulting in enhanced taste. Due to this trend people are willing to pay more for better beer such as New Belgium beer brands. Some examples of the most popular microbrewery and future competitors in the U.S. for BJs include Anchor brewing Company (San Francisco, CA), Full Sail create from raw stuff Company (Hood River, OR), Real Ale Brewing Company (Texas), and Stone Brewing Company(San Diego, CA). Focusing in external distribution as mention before is a great o pportunity for BJs to expand into a different segment. It would allow for BJs name to expand nationally using the distribution as a marketing tool for their restaurants.Along with their microbrewery BJs has been extremely successful in California. There style and service has attracted thousands and has led to massive profits and numerous advantages for the stakeholders. BJs should be very smart about their future direction and should pounce on any opportunity and they should make sure that all the rules and regulations are implemented.BJs should focus on embarking in the foreign market for the future. Their direction should be to crack the tough European Market as American beer is very popular in Europe and BJs can really pounce on the idea of opening an American Brew House in Europe.Apart from the beers, BJs can also attract a lot of European customers with its cuisine. They can introduce every entre as a dish from a different region of the United States. BJs should also look to f ocus on making their menu more extensive as it is important to have variety of food, especially if you want to attract customers in such a culturally diverse place as Europe.BJs goal should not change, but their vision should be broadened onto a bigger scale as they should try and implement their success story in some other part of the world and should take advantage of a growing hospitality market around the world. It does not necessarily have to be in Europe but places like Malaysia and Thailand have a booming tourism economy and these places could be an ideal place for BJs to jump start their international career.Overall, BJs future strategic direction should be directed towards the world They should focus on bringing the elements of classic and delicious American dining along with great customer service to different parts of the world where this style would be appreciated. A lot of brands have expanded into the global market as BJs should do the same as they have been very succe ssful in the way they have implemented their strategies.

The meaning and impact of discrimination

The meaning and impact of difference maven has constructed this essay in a manner in which the reader will be adapted to appreciate the motives of secernment and inequality and when they could take place as well as the meaning and the impact they have, non only on the LGBT fraternity only on the parliamentary law as a whole. Throughout this essay adept will attempt to send the manifestation of inequality in the modernistic society, which in spite of everything is still occurring even after the Equality Act 2010 has come into pattern and it introduced the Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED). This essay will emphasis on and around the inequality experienced by the LGBT community only, while keeping in mind of the fact that umpteen some other communities ar worthless due to the injustice caused by being discriminated against.Supposedly, due to a recent period of advancement in fair play-making, the lot identifying themselves as lesbian, snappy, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) are benefiting from strange privileges and safeguarding which were initiated in the light of the appalling experiences they had, as well as promoting diversity these rights are protected by the legal system in the UK, but are they mere theories/ideologies whose application still remains of question? Many hatful have overlooked any existing inequalities post enforcement of the aforementi whizd laws, thinking that if the law exist it means that it will happen. This essay will critically appraise the actual application of these laws within public and private organizations as well as at an individual level.The writer contemplates on commencing this essay with investigating the definitions of inequality and discrimination, for the reason that it will provide a solid foundation for the further judgment of the aforementioned terminology often described as a concern within the society as well as providing reassurance that the reader is in eng whilement with the writer as furthe st as the meaning of the words. According to Collins dictionary, inequality is the disparity in accessible class, as coteries, health, and prospect amid human beings or kindly classes. The inequalities may be experienced by everybody, especially those large number who are part of minority groups. Inequality is often stemmed from the societys discriminatory behaviour perpetrated by institutions, governmental chambers and individuals in the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Wales and Northern Ireland (UK) towards the people identifying themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT).Subsequently, one would like to define the term discrimination, similar words that relate are bigotry, bias, injustice, favouritism, unfairness, inequity, prejudice, and intolerance. In essence, it refers to certain individuals or groups of people behaving unfairly (discriminating), toward a individual or a group of people they comprehend to be different from themselves or the group of p eople they associate with.Discrimination often stems from peoples evolutionary fear of the unknown, promoted by the wish of education and obliviousness towards phenomena that are regarded as out of the ordinary. Lorde, A talks about her opinion on the social division present in our society It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences. Lorde, A. (1995)The society became indoctrinated overtime and the discriminatory practices have come to be certain as culturally/societally and furthermore unswervingly toler fitting. This of course, should have been subject to change in the modern society of the twenty first century. Regrettably, the society has learned postal code from history, and an abundant amount of discrimination is still present and it leads to societies morals being questioned. This is mainly due to argumentum ad populum1 which leads people to have unthink fit preoccupations just to expire and observe a ccepted. The reader may be familiar with the concept of othering too known as otherness. Classified as a psychological approach, it is total to sociological studies and it illustrates the im proportion within political power between the majority and the minority groups. It appears that from a sociological perspective the majority versus minority power balance leans towards the majority. Othering is a manner of obtaining ones own definite individuality as a result of the defaming of an other. Bauman, Z claims that the notion of otherness is found on the fact that the human individualities are established as irreconcilable difference and he approves of the idea of otherness as an acceptable social concept. One would argue that this theory is defending the need for social classification based on the higher number of people which belong to a certain set of criteria which are more commonly found furthermore making this theory very short sighted. One must aim for equality as a social n orm, Goldwater, B explains that Equality, rightly understood as our founding fathers understood it, leads to liberty and to the emancipation of creative differences wrongly understood, as it has been so tragically in our time, it leads first to con mastermindity and then to despotism. Goldwater, B (1964)LGBT communities often live with The sword of Damocles2 hanging above their heads meaning that they live under constant real and perceive threat during their lives, having an impact on their relationships with friends and family, health status, mental health (there are higher risks of depression, suicide, anxiety and mental distress in the LGBT population), and financial deficits. These people feel the need to come out in front of their friends and family, and want to be accepted without the fear of rejection and guilt. Then again, why the notion of coming out of the insistency? The society is building cfall backts to hide what they want to avoid, i.e. skeletons in the closet. Do he terosexual people have to make their sexual orientation public and fear of disapproval, rejection, and discrimination? One of the reasons for all this unwanted attention towards peoples sexual orientation may be because focusing on the LGBT community and spending power and time on discriminating (please see otherness) is a red herring3 used to distract the societys attention from more important problems much(prenominal) as poverty and recession. The aforementioned theory is a mere extrapolation, such trying to find reason in madness or a as Nietzsche portrays it .there is in addition always some reason in madness Nietzsche (1914) although some people do prefer to accept it as oppose to admitting that people can be so venal. Wilkinson et al believes that although sexual orientation is only one component of an individuals sexual individualism there is a common misconception that the components of a persons sexual identity operate in parallel. For example, when people are described as possessing cross-gender sex roles, they are more likely to be perceived as being gay or lesbian. Wilkinson, Wayne and Roy, Andrew (2005)One cannot avoid drawing attention to the standing of the Christian Church and its philosophies, and their impact on peoples way of life (at least(prenominal) from a historical perspective). Therefore, one of the reasons behind the inequality and discrimination people within the LGBT community are experiencing, it is due to the intransigent position of the Abrahamic religions4 as far as sexual orientation. The Church is (was) profoundly engrossed within the social and cultural background, especially in the very religious population but not limited to this has engendered fallacies emerged from pious puritanical dogmas regarding the individuals with non-heterosexual orientation. Therefore these individuals exposed to the aforesaid ideologies have grown up to think that it is unnatural and dehumanizing to have a non-heterosexual orientation. This may be active the individual as far as their own sexual orientation thus often causing them to deny who they are, keep it hidden and even practice suicidal behaviour (please see closet) or practice homophobic behaviour with a view in being accepted in their communities. On the other hand, many Christian denominations adopt newer and more open ideas about homosexuality, which allows more people to keep following their faith while being themselves. Many people/health professionals/social proletarian fail to understand that homosexuality is only a small aspect of a persons individuality.The reader may inquire about the impact of the inequality towards the LGBT community on todays society and vice versa. It is causing a social problem, for the reason that the society ends up persecuting prolific members of the society who would be able to elicit much beneficial changes for the posterity. Unfortunately the lack of opportunities, the mental distress and disapproval they experience leads to them not being able to achieve their full potential and thus impedes the social growth and progress. On the other hand, the constant discrimination and harassment experienced by these individuals could evoke strengths of character in certain people, who would eventually become leaders of the resistance against inequality and discriminatory practices. They may devise strategies to further educate the slew by becoming transparent and open themselves up to sharing their private experiences with others. Ultimately, fighting for the rights to be heard and accepted as parents, as spouses, as teachers, as friends, colleagues, leaders, care providers and furthermore human beings as well as form closely knit groups which provide emotional support to one another. One of these people is Lorde, A, a well-known civil rights, feminist movements activist and writer emerged from the LGBT community as an advocate by voicing her view on the importance of community support The outsider, both stre ngth and weakness. Yet without community there is certainly no liberation, no future, only the most vulnerable and temporary armistice between me and my oppression. Audre Lorde (1996) One could argue that there are many people within the society who are celebrating the differences in people and that in the ideal world people would accept the variety of sexual orientation as a norm and utilizing the knowledge regarding the aforementioned only when laissez passering personalized support. Ones vista about the necessary awareness of individuals sexual orientation by the private and governmental institutions is further explained by Trevor Phillips, Chair of Equality and man Rights in his speech as it follows Commission Data matters because injustice that goes unseen goes uncorrected. How can we expect care homes to be sensitive to the needs of older LGB residents, or schools to the needs of the children being brought up by same-sex couples, if they dont even acknowledge theyre there?S adly, the society teaches their children that discrimination is a tolerable practice thus leading towards an impasse and further narrowing of the acceptance. The homophobic views of the parents happen transferred onto their children, people may be able to see children from an early age i.e. in the kindergarten using terminology such as gay or lesie as insults among themselves and others, leading to a negative view of homosexuality from an early age. Should a modern society accept this sort of behaviour from the future generations?The reader may think that the aforementioned statements could not be accurate, taking in consideration the kind-hearted Rights Act of 1989 as well as the Equality Act of 2010 and other laws and policies which support the equality of the individual at large. Well, in the light of such thoughts one feels the need to go even further and illustrate with examples these inequalities. Ellison et al explains that Nearly four in ten lesbians and gay men reported t hat they had been bullied, felt terrified and had suffered from low self-esteem. Ellison and Gunstone, 2009Social workers will without a doubt come in contact with service users which identify themselves as LGBT. Therefore they must be able to communicate by using acceptable terms, be respectful and take in consideration the person as a whole, pertaining to their physical, emotional and financial needs. disregarding a persons sexual orientation, would be like ignoring somebodys arm, it is part of them, a piece of the puzzle. One must carefully identify areas of inequality and discrimination, which the service users may be experiencing and make use of this information to further ones accord and awareness of the support needed. Spirituality, togetherness, health needs, age and other factors must be taken in consideration when evaluating a service users needs. The sad truth is that there is a movement in the social and health professionals to assume heterosexuality in the elderly. This is inadvertently discriminative practice. On the other hand, the social worker must be able to reflect honestly on their own feelings and beliefs regarding other peoples various sexual orientation being aware of any prejudices one may have would help to provide anti discriminative support to the service users.To be able to explain the seriousness of the issues discussed within this essay, one must abduce Ellison et al for a second time, they claim that 55 per cent of gay men, 51 per cent of lesbians and 21 per cent of bisexual women and men said they would not live in certain places in Britain because of their sexual orientation. Ellison and Gunstone, (2009). This is unacceptable by the moral and ethical standards expected from todays society, therefore the social worker must be aware of the people who do live in those areas and empower and safeguard them as necessary. On the other hand Ellison et al also explains that Seven in 10 lesbians (69 per cent) and gay men (70 per cen t) felt they could be open about their sexual orientation in the workplace without fear of discrimination or prejudice. This contrasts sharply with only around two in 10 (23 per cent) bisexual men and three in 10 (30 per cent) bisexual women who felt the same.83 per cent of respondents would be happy or felt neutral about having an openly LGB manager at work Ellison and Gunstone, (2009). This provides proof that the society has grown to be more accepting of the LGBT community and that the laws and policies are being enforced within private and governmental organisations. It appears that education seems to make a big difference as far as being open and accepting of diversity.There is evidence of bullying due to sexual orientation at school levels, were people get physically and emotionally abused. People call me gay everyday, sometimes people kick me or push me, they shut me out of games during school gym and they distract my belongings. James, 17, secondary school (South West). Hun t and Jensen, (2007)The social worker, needs to be able to act as an advocate for these people, they must be empowered and supported so they learn to accept themselves.In summary, the society inclines to be critical of the people in the LGBT community due to different factors these are religious, cultural, fuelled by fear of unknown, lack of education, upbringing, and avoidance behaviour(i.e. questioning own sexuality). Unfortunately, this translates into discrimination and inequality, which leads to many unwanted effects.Due to the fact that this paper is a mere literature review, one could not offer more specific examples of actual cases, therefore this article talks more generally about inequality and where it may be present, its impact on the society and the individuals as well as the impact of the law on the changes that have taken place towards acceptance of the LGBT community.As a future social worker, one finds that the knowledge acquired through the present paper will be of great aid to further ones knowledge in understanding not only the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population, but also other minority groups that more often than many people would expect suffer in silence. later much research, one must admit that there is very little literature present about the ageing and LGBT population. As the population is getting older, many people in the aforementioned community are interested in their future, especially if their partners pass away. Many transgender population live in fear that if they lose their capacity, will they still be able to get their hormonal treatment to maintain their identity. Therefore, one would suggest further research in that area, in form of an empirical study.1 Latin for appeal to the people- deceptive claim that presumes an insinuation to be accurate for the reason that numerous people accept it to be true.2 The Sword of Damocles- in this context to be read living in constant fear please see Bibliography3 something t hat deceives or distracts from important issues4 This of course is the theoretical view of the Church, one must take in account that there are many religious people and organisations that are happy to accept and support the LGBT community such as YMCA.

Factors Affecting Quality Of Higher Education Education Essay

Factors Affecting Quality Of high Education Education EssayThe heightser learning sphere is very crucial in information and has a slip awaying role in all walks of life-time. When providing for property pedagogy choice products post be provoked. higher(prenominal)(prenominal) grooming provided by the public field in Mauritius is unable to meet the demands for a seat at the university. Private sector institutions argon competing with the public sector institutions in teaching method. The number of higher(prenominal) education institutions in both sectors in Mauritius is increasing. Thus, the study is aimed at analysing the quality of education offered at the University of Mauritius.The aspires of the study were(a) To analyze the quality of go offered by the University of Mauritius.(b) To investigate the quality of students of the University of Mauritius.(c) To examine the take aim of increasing demands for courses at the University of Mauritius.The population of stu dy was students from the polar faculties of the University of Mauritius. The sample was two hundred full-time students all attending a grade programme from the five faculties of the university.Data were tabulated, the amount of variables was reduced using the principal component analysis (factor analysis) and then analyzed using a logistic regression.Chapter 1 IntroductionHigher education usually includes set upd education consisting of three to seven years after graduation leading to some specialisation to toss away for a professional activity or for employment in executive positions in disdain, industry, or g overnment service. In Mauritius, higher education is the top nigh level of three sector education system.Higher education is the most important level of education because it maturates the men for the country that leads the acres in vainglorious insight into its future ideals, resources, problems and its solutions. The future of a nation depends swelledly on the qua lity of people groomed in the institution of higher education. Higher education in Mauritius can be traced back to the establishment of the School of Agriculture within the Department of Agriculture in 1914, which became integrated into the UoM when it was established in 1965.After that, lots institutions deem been established in the privy and public sector that argon providing higher education in the fields of medical, engineering, information technology, computer sciences, business studies and commerce. With the increment role of private institutions in catering higher education, the admit was felt to evaluate the quality of education and services offered at the University of Mauritius which is a public sector institution.All over the introduction the universities are recognised as centres of higher learning, which are considered as expedients be onnts of bob upment in the nation building. Universities generate, disseminate and utilise knowledge. As old contri merelyors to economic growth, they produce scientists, engineers, professionals, technicians, scholars, managers and men of exquisite capabilities. The capacity of a nation to develop economically, socially, politically and culturally derives more often than not from the power to develop and engage the capabilities of its people.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewHigher EducationThe full term higher education is usually used to distinguish courses of study, which result in the award of a degree, Diploma or similar advanced qualification, for miscellaneous kinds of further education (Lawton and Gordon. 1993).Higher education constitutes the stage of education which starts after 15 years of shoal for the intellectual work and advanced training of students for their effective leadership role in all walks of national life.Tertiary education level is higher than that attainable on completion of a full secondary education. An accepted definition of higher education is that higher education requires as minimum requirements for admission, the prosperous completion of secondary education or evidence of the acquisition of an equivalent level of knowledge (Terry and Thomas, 1979).Higher education includes all education above level of the secondary school disposed(p) in Colleges, Universities Graduate Schools, Professional Schools, Technical Colleges and Normal Schools (Good, 1973).Higher education is simply the highest part of the education system, in wrong of students progression, the acquisition of education qualifications, its status and its influence over the rest of the educational system.Higher education is said to impart the deepest understanding in the minds of students, rather than the relatively superficial grasp that might be acceptable elsewhere in the system. In higher education, nothing can be taken on deposit and the students have to think for themselves so as to be able to stand on their own feet, intellectually speaking (Barnett, 1997).Higher education is thou ght to advance students to the frontiers of knowledge through their being taught by those who are working in that difficult territory.Sanyal (1982) says that in order to achieve the new planetary order, thither is the need for integrating socio-economic policies with educational policies in each country, as stronger co-operation amongst the third world countries in field of higher education. Development of higher education should not still be contingent upon economic development to achieve the new supranational order but should promote the development of culture in view oft fact that role of science and technology, the life-style and the very sense and value of life under-go changes in the future.Objectives of higher educationAll over the world the universities are recognised as centres of higher learning, which are considered as expedient agents of development in the nation building. Universities generate, disseminate and utilise knowledge. As primary contributors to economic g rowth, they produce scientists, engineers, professionals, technicians, scholars, managers and men of exquisite capabilities.The goal of higher education is to meet two principal needs socio-cultural and developmental of a country. Higher education is an opportunity for individuals to develop their potential. It fulfils the needs for high-level manpower in a society. Its objectives include cultural and material development. It produces individuals who are morally sound and capable of multifarious roles in the society. It is a medium and vehicle for achieving an objective of higher vision, should endeavours, with commitment and larger spending, in higher education (Govt. Of Pakistan, 1999).A countrys social and economic development depends on the temper and level of higher education. This fact is revealed by the statements and findings concluded by the prominent educationists and decision-makers. In the developed countries, the role of higher education in production of high quality human capital is quite evident. The Governor of the State of Kentucky, Paul Patten, once said, I have staked my success as governor on ever-changing the way we deliver higher education to our people. Education and economic development are the twin rails that will lead us to a higher plateau and help us achieve our goal of raising the standard of living in our state. My experience in creating jobs, as the secretary of the economic development, during my term as lieutenant governor, has helped me focus on the needs of our businesses. Those businesses are the customers of our product the graduates in higher education. Increased technology and global competition demand that we develop our students skills and mental capacity so they can share in the tremendous prosperity of our nation. He further emphasized on the quality of higher education and the need for its improvement. He commented, higher education is in trouble. The warning signs could not be clear. Its users (students and famili es) think it charges a premium price for an increasingly mediocre service. Its primary suppliers (secondary schools) often fail to deliver material that meets minimum standards, and its beneficiaries (employers) often are frustrated by the quality of the finished product (McGill,1992).Factors affecting Quality of Higher EducationThe quality of higher education may be enhanced through providing proper professional training to the instructors by revising the existing curricula. Higher education is the most important level of education because it develops the manpower for the country that leads the nation in giving insight into its future ideals, resources, problems, and its solutions. The future of a nation depends largely on the quality of people groomed in the institution of higher education.Factors that contribute the most are the level of competency of teachers, curricula and the standards of students intake, in the deteriorating quality of higher education. Nevertheless inapprop riate funding for student support services, libraries, journals, books, ill equipped laboratories and lack of repair facilities for equipment and non qualified staff are crucial factors in education. Salaries and other allowances consume the university budget, thus, little is left for the items so essential for raising the quality of education. Budgetary constraints, particularly for operation, adversely affect the quality of teaching, especially practical training.2.3.1 school-age childs ExperiencesStudents experiences of their learning and the teaching in the subjects they are studying are one of the more ubiquitous sources of information about the quality of teaching for institutions and individual academics.2.3.2 Student to Staff RatiosWhile at the level of the institution student staff ratios (SSRs) may seem to be a direct consequence of funding levels, institutions in practice spend funds on buildings, on administration, on central services, on marketing, on teachers underta king inquiry, and so on, to very varying cessations, rather than spending it all on teaching time. Low SSRs offer the potential to arrange educational practices that are known to improve educational outcomes. First, close contact with teachers is a good predictor of educational outcomes (Pascarella and Terenzini, 2005) and close contact is more easily possible when at that place are not too many students for each teacher to make close contact with. Second, the volume, quality and timeliness of teachers feedback on students assignments are also good predictors of educational outcomes and again this requires that teachers do not have so many assignments to mark that they cannot provide enough, high-quality feedback, promptly. A gain, low SSRs do not guarantee good feedback or feedback from experienced teachers.2.3.3 Classroom-SizeMeta-analysis of large numbers of studies of class-size effects has shown that the more students there are in a class, the lower the level of student achi evement (Glass and Smith, 1978, 1979). Other important variables are also negatively affected by class size, such as the quality of the educational process in class (what teachers do), the quality of the physical learning environment, the extent to which student attitudes are collateral and the extent of them exhibiting behaviour conducive to learning (Smith and Glass, 1979). These negative class-size effects are greatest for younger students and smallest for students 18 or over (ibid.), but the effects are still quite substantial in higher education. Lindsay and Paton-Saltzberg (1987) fix in an English polytechnic that the probability of gaining an A grade is less than half in a module enrolling 50-60 than it is in a module enrolling less than 20. Large classes have negative effects not entirely on performance but also on the quality of student engagement students are more likely to adopt a sur construction approach in a large class (Lucas et al., 1996) and so to only try to mem o deck up rather than attempt to understand.2.3.4 Class Contact HoursThe number of class contact hours has very little to do with educational quality, fencesitterly of what happens in those hours, what the pedagogical model is, and what the consequences are for the quantity and quality of independent study hours.Independent study hours, to a large extent, resound class contact hours if there is less teaching then students study more and if there is more teaching students study less, making up be hours to similar totals visualizeless of the ratio of teaching to study hours (Vos, 1991). However, some pedagogic systems use class contact in ways that are very overmuch more effective than others at generating effective independent study hours. A review of data from a number of studies by Gardiner (1997) found an average of only 0.7 hours of out-of-class studying for each hour in class, in US colleges. I n contrast each hour of the University of Oxfords tutorials generate on average 11 hours of independent study (Trigwell and Ashwin, 2004).2.3.5 Teaching QualificationsTeachers who have teaching qualifications (normally a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education, or something similar) have been found to be rated more highly by their students than teachers who have no such qualification (Nasr et al., 1996). This finding was in a context where obtaining such a qualification was largely voluntary, and those who have the qualification might be considered to be different in some way from those who have not, and this could be argued to invalidate the comparison. The difference might concern the extent of professionalism or commitment to teaching, but nevertheless there was no control group in the study. A longitudinal study that overcomes this objection has examined the impact over time on students ratings of their teachers, and on teachers thinking about teaching, of (mainly) compulsory initial training during their first year of university teaching, in eight cou ntries. It found improvements on both scale of the Student E valuation of Educational Quality, a questionnaire developed in the US (Marsh, 1982) and tested for use in the U K (Coffey and Gibbs, 2000), and improvements in the sophistication of teachers thinking (as measured by the Approaches to Teaching Inventory, a measure of teaching that predicts the quality of student learning, Trigwell et al., 2004). This improvement in measures of teaching quality could not be attributed to mere maturation or experience as teachers in a control group in institutions without any initial training were found to get worse over their first year, on the same measures (Gibbs and Coffey, 2004).Functions of higher educationThe capacity of a nation to develop economically, socially, politically and culturally derives largely from the power to develop and utilise the capabilities of its people. Higher education thus is considered sine qua non of national development, for it produces the highest level of manpower. In all advanced countries, the universities constitute the main skip of human capital. The most successful discharge of the universities role as a change agent is in the area of science and technology.The training of high-level scientific manpower is a matter of vital national concern. Higher education is today recognised as a capital investiture in education. It is considered investment of human capital which increases labour productivity furthers technological innovation and produces a rate of return markedly higher than that of physical capital. Today we find the world divided into developed and developing countries. The dividing line between them is the capacity of educational and scientific attainments and its application for economic progress and prosperity (The World Bank, 1990).In modern-day times, higher education is considered as a means of human resource development in a society. In advanced countries, universities constitute the main forge of knowledge, ide as and innovations. Today, the most successful discharge of a university as an agent of change is in the area of science and technology. The priming and grooming of high-level professional manpower is a matter of vital concern. As a pathway to socio-economic development in a country, higher education cannot be ignored or given low priority. Higher education in a state of rapid development everywhere in the world as its benefits to the social, economic and cultural life of different communities is realisable. This has led to worldwide exponential expansion of universities and colleges as many more people are encouraged remaining in education. However there are problems. First, higher education is expensive, and its expansion requires ample resources. Second, rapid expansion raises problems of quality assurance and control, as increased numbers could so easily lead to a decline in standards. Third, expansion in the developing world often draws upon the resources, ideas and expertise o f the developed world, even though these may not of all time be appropriate for every different economic and social system (North, 1997).Higher education plays a vital role in the development of a society. For centuries, 3rd institutions had the important role of educating our future political leaders, professionals of tomorrow, businessmen, religious and social philosophers, who serve the community, enrich its values and develop its resources. Universities are complex organisations with multiple missions and a myriad of roles. A university has the roles of providing of theoretical education and professional training, a developer and a disseminator of new knowledge, a catalyst to shape the practice of management and business and a contributor to the community and the national economy (Khurshid, 1998).2.5 The Education system in MauritiusMauritius educational system has for root the British one, as the island was a British colony long ago. After independence in 1968, the new governm ent invested considerably in human and material resources for the education sector and progress has been detect and reached in terms of a per capita grant to children of 3+ and 4+, primary education was free, as well as textbooks, compulsory secondary education up to 16. Higher education courses were offered at University of Mauritius and the University of Technology for affordable fees.Since 1977, secondary education has been free. As for full time undergraduate level at the University of Mauritius, it was free since 1988. cease education is funded by the State which strain huge budgets and subsidize a big part of the grant aided secondary schools expenses. With universal primary education being achieved in the 1970s, free education in 1977, and legislation making education up to 16 years of age compulsory, the challenges policymakers have had to face have related to broadening access at the higher education level, improving quality, and strengthening the management of the sector (while ensuring equity). The financing of higher education is basically via the government and students/parents.Students enrolled in public higher educational institutions are funded to a very large extent by the government. Students enrolled in local private higher education institutions and those in overseas institutions pay the full cost of their education.The key factors influencing the quality of higher education are the quality of faculty, political platform standards, technological understructure available, look into environment, accreditation regime and the administrative policies and procedures implemented in institutions of higher learning.The overall vision of government was spelt out in the New Economic agendum formulated in 2000. The main challenge was to move gradually away from traditional sectors to the services sector. The objective was to diversify manufacturing into higher valueadded markets and to consolidate services (financial, ICT, etc.) as a fourth pilla r of economic development. To attract new investment and to maintain the countrys competitiveness, a highly productive skilled workforce was seen as imperative. With a view to setting Mauritius on a higher growth path, the country has recognised the importance of developing higher education as a regional hub for high quality education and training, to ensure that the knowledge industry acts as a catalyst in broadening the Mauritian economy, and in providing the required support to the existing and upcoming sectors. There has been a dramatic paradigm shift in the development strategy mooted by the government.In summary, it has been accepted by government that the education system, especially higher education, needs to be reorientated to respond more effectively.Higher education in Mauritius can be traced back to the establishment of the School of Agriculture within the Department of Agriculture in 1914, which became integrated into the UoM when it was established in 1965. However, i t was only in postindependent Mauritius that several public higher education institutions were created, which were complementary to UoM.Over the years the higher education sector has become increasingly diversified.2.5.1 Pre-Primary SectorThis sector caters for children 4+ and since a few years for 3+. The State provides a grant of R 200 per child. The private institutions occupy 80% of the educational provision in the sector.The following measures are part of policy developments to consolidate the sectorStrengthening the institutional and regulatory framework for the provision of Early Childhood Care and Education. simplification of disparity among pre-schools.Addressing the problem of out-of-schools pre-primary children due to absolute poverty.Developing a National Curriculum Framework for the pre-primary subsector.Ensuring readiness of all pre-primary school children for primary school.Construction of pre-primary units in disadvantaged areasStrengthening partnerships with parents through a Parent Empowerment Program.2.5.2 Primary sectorThe enrolment in primary school takes effect at the age of five and enters the Standard I and moves gradually up to Standard VI. The CPE is an examination carried out at national level in all schools and follows a grading system. There are five compulsory subjects English, French, Mathematics, Science and History and Geography. The grading process works on the five best grades along with Asian/Arabic languages.Several initiatives have been implemented in primary institutions to improve the CPE results. This gave rise to the Zones d Education Prioritaires (Z.E.P.). This targets those schools with low performance over 5 consecutive years. ulterior on in 2011, Enhancement Programme was introduced for STD III and IV. Moreover, the Sankor project was one where STD IV classes were equipped with interactive wall fixed projectors.2.5.3 Secondary sectorFor a child to be admitted to a secondary college, it all depends on the CPE resu lts. There are three categories of secondary schools State owned grant-aided private schools, and fully private fee-paying schools. The secondary school experience begins with Form 1 up to Form VI, an achievement of seven years. Since 2010, a national curriculum has been set up for Forms I-III. The curriculum encloses all subjects up to Form III including English, French, Mathematics and the Social and Hard Sciences.When reaching Form IV, students are offered option form where they have to choose at least six major subjects for O-level exams in Form V. Later, for A Level examination, students will have to specialize in 3 main subjects and 2 subordinate subjects. These two important examinations are undertaken by the University of Cambridge through the University of Cambridge International Examinations which sets up the syllabus, prepares the examination papers and undertakes correction for most subjects.2.5.4 TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and teaching)The Mauritius con tribute of Training and Development (MITD) is the main provider of the TVET program. Its purpose is to offer a variety of technical programs to students willing to meet the needs of the world of work at a middle professional level. Courses at the National Diploma are also provided at the MITD. The TVET sector is monitored and regulated by the Mauritius Qualifications Authority.2.5.5 Tertiary sectorIt was in 1924 that tertiary education started with the College of Agriculture. It has developed and diversified it now composes of public, private, regional and overseas institutions offering for a wide choice of courses and programmes.Through years, this education sector has given rise to other institutions with different characteristics and disciplines. Distance education has also been part of the sector. Some important institutions of the public sector are the University of Mauritius (UoM), the University of Technology (UTM), the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE), the Mahatma Gand hi Institute (MGI), the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development (MITD) and the Open University of Mauritius (OUM). Besides all these, the Tertiary Education Commission (TEC) is responsible for the allocation of public funds, planning, and coordination of post-secondary education and training as well.In addition, private institutions are more and more present in the tertiary education sector where they are proposing courses in areas like Information Technology, Law, account statement and Finance, and Management.2.6 The University of MauritiusThe University of Mauritius (UOM) is a national University of Mauritius. It is the oldest and largest Mauritian university in terms of student enrollment and curriculum offered. It is situated at Rduit, Moka. The University was inaugurated on 24th March 1972 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II accompanied by His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh. Over the past decades, in response to the contemporaneous and emerging needs of the miscel laneous sectors of the Mauritian economy, the university now has progressed from being a mostly in-service training institution to a fully-fledged university, concentrating increasingly on bachelors degrees, postgraduate programmes, research and consultancy.The universitys current strategic plan, strategical Directions 2006-2015, has the following six strategic directionsKnowledge creationKnowledge diffusionInvesting in resourcesQuality culture and good governanceNational, regional and international collaborationsCommunity outreachThe University of Mauritius has committed itself to continuous improvement and quality management. These are the actions that the university is trying to cater forEnsuring relevance interact proactively with the world of work and the community to cater for emergent requirements while inculcating a wider sense of belonging to the university.Ensuring quality of teaching and learning enhance existing provisions for continuous improvement in the quality of teaching and learning, and work progressively towards the implementation of best practice.Strengthen research develop further the universitys research capacity and research management plan.Internationalize the university improve the international standing of the university and expand its role and programme of activities.Amongst Mauritian universities the UoM stands out both in terms of its dominance with regard to enrolment and it numerous pockets of excellence with regard to research. The UoM is the largest supplier of tertiary education locally, accounting for 22.2% of total higher education enrolment.FacultiesOriginally, the university had three schools, viz. Agriculture, Administration and Industrial Technology. It has since expanded to comprise five faculties, namely Faculty Of Agriculture, Faculty Of Engineering, Faculty Of Law and Management, Faculty Of Science, and Faculty Of Social Studies Humanities. The faculties are entangled in teaching, research and consultancy. I t has also a Centre for medical Research and Studies, a Centre for Distance Education, a Centre for Information Technology and Systems, and a Consultancy Centre. Following these on-campus developments and expansions, it resulted in a simultaneous increase in the number and in the diversity of programmes being offered, and the number of students enrolled.The programmes of the University are internationally recognized and include quality assurance mechanisms such as the external examiner system and affiliated with renowned Universities worldwide. There is a Quality Assurance Office which helps the University in maintaining and improving the quality of all its activities. There are various exchange agreements that have been established between the UOM and overseas universities.Students UnionThe Students Union, established in 1971, is run by and for the students. It work in the interest of students and regularly spring various activities. All students are members, the membership fee b eing included in the registration. Students are very dynamic in organizing extracurricular activities supported by the Public Relations Office.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 Problem Statement and Research ObjectivesWhen the problem has been clearly defined and the objectives of the research precisely stated the research can be designed properly. As it is often said, a problem well defined is a solved one.The problem statement for this study is that there is each year a high level of demand for a seat at University of Mauritius though there are other tertiary institutions in Mauritius. This study tries to find out the reasons behind this high demand.For this dissertation the research objectives areTo analyze the quality of services offered by the University of Mauritius.To investigate the quality of students of the University of Mauritius.To understand the level of increasing demands for courses at the University of Mauritius.To achieve the objectives mentioned above, a questionna ire has been administered to the different students in the form of face to face interview to collect information about the different factors affecting their learning experience at the University of Mauritius and hence facilitating the analysis of the information gathered.3.2 Determine Research DesignResearch design can be considered as the basic plan which guides the data collection and analysis phases of the research project. There are three main types of research used in projectsDescriptive researchCausal researchExploratory researchExploratory research is unstructured, informal research undertaken to have background information when the researcher does not know much about the problem. On the other hand in the descriptive method, research problem is well defined and structured and can be used to come questions such as who, why, where, what and how (Burns and Bush, 2003), whereas causal research examines the effect of one variable on another one. The research undertaken in this st udy is descriptive in nature. The purpose of the research is to investigate, analyse and evaluate the student learning experience at the University of Mauritius.Data sources and Data CollectionPrimary dataThe only steps involved in collecting data is to look for primary data which consists of information collected for the first time to meet the specific needs of the investigation of the researcher. These can be in the form of letters, e-mails and interviews. Primary sources are more supportive, they address directly the requirements of the researcher though it might be costly.

The Political Career of Daniel Webster Essay -- Biography Biographies

The Political Career of Daniel Webster Daniel Webster contributed a large potion of the cultivated War. To begin,he was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire on January 18, 1782. His parentswere farmers so umpteen people didnt know what to expect of him. Even thoughhis parents were farmers, he still graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. After he learned to be a lawyer, Daniel Webster opened a legal practice inPortsmouth, New Hampshire in 1807. Webster quickly became an experienced and very good lawyer and aFederalist party leader. In 1812, Webster was take to the U.S. House ofRepresentatives because of his opposition to the War of 1812, which hadcrippled New Englands shipping trade. After two more terms in the House,Webster decided to leave the Congress and cause to Boston in 1816. Over thenext 6 years, Webster won major constitutional cases in front of theSupreme Court making him almost famous. nearly of his most notable caseswere Dartmouth College v. Woodward, G ibbons v. Ogden, and McCulloch v.Maryland. He made himself the nations leading lawyer and an outstandingskilled public speaker or an orator. In 1823, Webster was returned toCongress from Boston, and in 1827 he was elected senator from Massachusetts. New circumstances let Daniel Webster become a champion of Americannationalism. With the Federalist Party dead, he conjugated the NationalRepublican party, he joined with Westerner Henry Clay and then endorsingfederal aid for roads in the West. In 1828, since Massachusettses hadshifted the economic interest from shipping to manufacturing, Websterdecided to back the high-tariff hooter of that year to help the small newmanufacturing businesses grow. Angry souther... ...sue of expansionof slavery. Webster opposed the expansion but feared even more theseparation of the union over the trash of the expansion of slavery. In apowerful speech on March 7, 1850, he supported the Compromise of 1850,lowering southern threats of separatio n but rede northern support for astronger law for the recovery of fugitive slaves. Webster was again namedsecretary of state in July 1850 by President Millard Fillmore andsupervised the strict enforcement of the laugher Slave Act. Webstersstand on the Act divided the Whig party, but it helped preserve the Unionand keep it together for a little while after until the Civil War started.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Prodigy - Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1990, W-section 2. DanielWebster - John Melvin, Copyright 1976, Bonhill Publishing 3. Civil WarHeros - American Books, 1979, p.244-247

Neo-Nazis :: essays research papers

Neo-NazisWhen three bombs exploded in London in Spring 1999, targeting the capitals black, Asiatic and gay communities, the threat of Neo-Nazi terrorism finally seemed to have become a reality. The Neo Nazis who are more commonly know by the term " scrape up luffs, are a growing force in hate groups. The German police put the number of active neo-Nazis at 47,000, a 4.5 per cent improver on the previous year. There annoyance of Hispanics, Jews, Blacks, and others are now the fastest growing force in America. The younger kids usually do the Skin Head movement. These kids are drawn to the Aryan Nations and Neo Nazis by the promise of free drugs, free booze, heavy metal music, ultimate freedom, and rebellion. Many of these kids stay because of family troubles at station and, like in a gang, feel like they have a family with the group and feel loved. Racism is a certain kind of prejudice, based on faulty reasoningand inflexible generalizations toward a specific group. The wordPr ejudice comes from the Latin noun praejudicium, which means a judgment based on previous decisions make before the facts were known. If a person allows their prejudiced beliefs to block the progress of another, it is discrimination. Those who exclude all members of a race from certain types of employment, housing, political rights, educational opportunities, or a social interactions are guilty of racial discrimination.Race hatred, permitted to gain unlimited power, will be disastrous.The state - sponsored genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany is an example of what happens when masses who hate gain power. Hitlers extermination took the lives of six million human beings for no other reason than they were Jewish. It started in little ways, an ethnic joke, stereotyping that was never challenged, then restrictions, spillage of jobs, loss of civil rights, loss of voting rights, and the loss of life. The reason why the Ku Klux Klan is separate from the Neo-Nazis and the Skinheads is beca use the Ku Klux Klans hatred and violence is aimed more towards blacks rather than the Neo- Nazis and the Skinheads, whose hatred is, aimed more towards the Jewish people. The Neo-Nazis, sometimes called White Aryan Resistance, is a group that follows under Adolph Hitlers philosophies, which targets Jewish people. Unlike the Ku Klux Klan, the Skinheads do not marrow because they believe in the cause. Many join the "gang to feel apart of something because they feel that they do not belong anywhere else.